Skip to the content
AIGI
Resources

Resources

Resources

Quality, practical, relevant and accessible resources and tools for Indigenous organisations and communities to strengthen their governance practices.

Read more

Find a resource

Explore our extensive collection of practical online resources to strengthen your practices at all stages of the governance lifecycle.

Resources Hub
Professional development

Professional development

Tailored professional development

Customised professional development and training to help you design a governance framework for your specific purpose, environment and resources.

Read more

Governance reviews and advice

Our advisory service combines our extensive experience and expertise to review your organisation's cultural and corporate governance.

Read more

Upcoming professional development

Explore our professional development events to find the governance training and support you need – including informative masterclasses, webinars and conferences.

Read more
About us

About us

Who we are

AIGI is a national not-for-profit organisation that delivers training and resources to meet the self-determined governance needs of Indigenous Australians.

Read more

What we do

We connect Indigenous Australians to world-class governance practices to support self-determined governance.

Read more

History

Our development as a national institute delivering training and resources to meet the self-determined governance needs of Indigenous Australians.

Read more

Partners

We partner with others to expand our reach and impact and share our deep knowledge of Indigenous governance practices.

Read more
Contact us
Donate
Indigenous Governance Toolkit Indigenous Governance Toolkit
Understand Indigenous Governance
MG Corporation: How their governance works
Mar 01 2023
Understand Indigenous Governance
MG Corporation: How their governance works

Helen Gerrard, MG Corporation Board Director (2012), explains how MG Corporation is governed She talks about how it’s changed over time and how it represents different groups through the Dawang Council “Wi...

READ MORE
Read more
Understand Indigenous Governance
8 Elements Worksheet
Mar 01 2023
Understand Indigenous Governance
8 Elements Worksheet

In the attached document, you will find questions to discuss about your governance in the 8 areas Knowing the answers to these questions can help you keep your governance on track...

READ MORE
Read more
Understand Indigenous Governance
How Yawuru cultural values and practices inform their governance
Dec 23 2022
Understand Indigenous Governance
How Yawuru cultural values and practices inform their governance

Nyamba Buru Yawuru (NBY) is a not-for-profit company owned by the Yawuru Native Title holders through a corporate group structure The company was the Category A Winner in the 2018 Indigenous Governance Awards In t...

READ MORE
Read more
Understand Indigenous Governance
Effective Indigenous governance
Dec 23 2022
Understand Indigenous Governance
Effective Indigenous governance

  Effective governance means having rules, structures and processes capable of achieving your objectives We look at AIGI’s principles for effective Indigenous governance, and 3 other models that can be...

READ MORE
Read more
Understand Indigenous Governance
Self-determination and governance
Dec 23 2022
Understand Indigenous Governance
Self-determination and governance

  Governance is a foundational structure that can be used to build strong self-determined practices We explore what self-determination means for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and how it can br...

READ MORE
Read more
Understand Indigenous Governance
Governance lingo
Dec 23 2022
Understand Indigenous Governance
Governance lingo

Governance and government sound really similar, but they are not the same thing We explain why We also explain the difference between organisational, corporate, community and Indigenous governance Governance is no...

READ MORE
Read more
Understand Indigenous Governance
Indigenous governance
Dec 23 2022
Understand Indigenous Governance
Indigenous governance

  Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have been practising governance since time began What makes it Indigenous governance is the role that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture plays We loo...

READ MORE
Read more
Understand Indigenous Governance
Defining governance
Dec 23 2022
Understand Indigenous Governance
Defining governance

  Governance is the way that people organise themselves to achieve a shared goal We look at the 8 elements of governance that need to work together to be effective We also explain the different stages of gove...

READ MORE
Read more
Understand Indigenous governance
Dec 23 2022
Understand Indigenous governance

  In this section, we explain what governance means and look at the different types of governance – Indigenous, community, corporate and organisational We explain what effective governance is and the import...

READ MORE
Read more
Understand Indigenous Governance
Diagram of the Governance Truck
Dec 22 2022
Understand Indigenous Governance
Diagram of the Governance Truck

Download a diagram of the Governance Truck to print and share with your group...

READ MORE
Read more
font-size
-
+
AIGI / 01 Understanding governance
Reading list
This resources it has been added to your reading list.
Indigenous Governance Training and the CATSI Act Review.
View your reading list
01 Understanding governance
  • Home triangle
    • Home
    • About the Toolkit
    • How to use the Toolkit
    • Toolkit Topics Overview
  • 01 Understanding governance triangle
    • 1.0 Understanding governance
    • 1.1 The important parts of governance
    • 1.2 Indigenous governance
    • 1.3 Governance in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander organisations
    • 1.4 Case Studies
  • 02 Culture and governance triangle
    • 2.0 Culture and governance
    • 2.1 Indigenous governance and culture
    • 2.2 Two-way Governance
    • 2.3 Case Studies
  • 03 Getting Started triangle
    • 3.0 Getting started on building your governance
    • 3.1 Assessing your Governance
    • 3.2 Mapping your community for governance
    • 3.3 Case Studies
  • 04 Leadership triangle
    • 4.0 Leadership for governance
    • 4.1 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander leadership
    • 4.2 The challenges of leadership
    • 4.3 Evaluating your leadership
    • 4.4 Youth leadership and succession planning
    • 4.5 Building leadership capacity to govern
    • 4.6 Case Studies
  • 05 Governing the organisation triangle
    • 5.0 Governing the organisation
    • 5.1 Roles, responsibilities and rights of a governing body
    • 5.2 Accountability: what is it, to whom and how?
    • 5.3 Decision making by the governing body
    • 5.4 Governing finances and resources
    • 5.5 Communicating
    • 5.6 Future planning
    • 5.7 Building capacity and confidence for governing bodies
    • 5.8 Case Studies
  • 06 Rules and policies triangle
    • 6.0 Governance rules and policies
    • 6.1 What are governance rules?
    • 6.2 Governance rules and culture
    • 6.3 Running effective meetings
    • 6.4 Policies for organisations
    • 6.5 Case Studies
  • 07 Management and staff triangle
    • 7.0 Management and staff
    • 7.1 Managing the organisation
    • 7.2 The governing body and management
    • 7.3 Managing staff
    • 7.4 Staff development and training
    • 7.5 Case Studies
  • 08 Disputes and complaints triangle
    • 8.0 Disputes and complaints
    • 8.1 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous approaches
    • 8.2 Core principles and skills for dispute and complaint resolution
    • 8.3 Disputes and complaints about governance
    • 8.4 Your members: Dealing with disputes and complaints
    • 8.5 Organisations: dealing with internal disputes and complaints
    • 8.6 Practical guidelines and approaches
    • 8.7 Case Studies
  • 09 Governance for nation rebuilding triangle
    • 9.0 Governance for nation rebuilding and development
    • 9.1 What is nation rebuilding?
    • 9.2 Governance for nation rebuilding
    • 9.3 Governance for sustained development
    • 9.4 Networked governance
    • 9.5 Kick-starting the process of nation rebuilding
    • 9.6 Case Studies
  • Governance Stories
  • Glossary
  • Useful links
  • Acknowledgements
  • Preview new Toolkit triangle
    • Understand Indigenous Governance Overview
    • Defining Governance
    • Indigenous Governance
    • Governance Lingo
    • Self-determination and Governance
    • Effective Indigenous Governance

01 Understanding governance

Download
Request download
A copy of this resource will be emailed to you.
Hidden

1.0.1 What is governance?

Yiriman cultural bosses with Indigenous Governance Awards judges
Yiriman cultural bosses with Indigenous Governance Awards judges
Yiriman cultural bosses with Indigenous Governance Awards judges
footer

Yiriman cultural bosses with Indigenous Governance Awards judges, Professor Mick Dodson and Gary Banks. Fitzroy Crossing, Western Australia. Image, Wayne Quilliam.

“Let’s learn from what works and let’s breed that success. Good Indigenous governance and leadership need to be supported as they are the foundation for success.”

(Professor Mick Dodson, AM, Chair, Indigenous Governance Awards)

“We use a very simple definition of governance, and it means to make sure things are run well.”

(Richard Weston, Regional Director, Maari Ma Health Aboriginal Corporation, NSW Finalist 2005 Indigenous Governance Awards)

This chapter will help you understand what governance is and why it’s important. You’ll find information about different kinds of governance—Indigenous, community and organisational.

Every society has different ways of governing and their own words to describe how they govern. The meaning of the English word ‘governance’ can be traced back to the ancient Greeks who defined it as the ‘art of steering boats’.

The following definition captures the key aspects of governance.

Definition: It is useful to think of governance as being about how people choose to collectively organise themselves to manage their own affairs, share power and responsibilities, decide for themselves what kind of society they want for their future, and implement those decisions.

To do that they need to have processes, structures, traditions and rules in place so they can:

  • determine who is a member of their group
  • decide who has power, and over what
  • ensure that power is exercised properly
  • make and enforce their decisions
  • hold their decision-makers accountable
  • negotiate with others regarding their rights and interests
  • establish the most effective and legitimate arrangements for getting those things done.

Governance gives a nation, group, community or organisation the ways and means to achieve the things that matter to them.

Governance is not the same thing as ‘government’, ‘management’, ‘corporate organisations’, ‘administration’ or ‘service delivery’. It’s also more than just ‘leadership’.

You can find plain English definitions for many of the ‘power words’ commonly used in ‘governance talk’ in the toolkit’s Glossary. Just remember that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have their own concepts and languages for talking about their own governance, and sometimes the meanings of those are very different to Australian English.

1.0.2 Think about how footy is played—it’s a bit like governance.

Sports
Sports
Sports
footer

“Sports contain all the parameters of good governance. For example, what would sports be without rules, schedules and time limits? Without agreed values and discipline? What would sports be without the best of managers and coaches? Who would dream of entering a sport without being offered the opportunity to learn and develop the skills and tools to play the game? Yet, we do so routinely in the game of community governance.”

(Neil Sterritt, Gitxsan Leader, British Columbia, Canada)

“Sports contain all the parameters of good governance. For example, what would sports be without rules, schedules and time limits? Without agreed values and discipline? What would sports be without the best of managers and coaches? Who would dream of entering a sport without being offered the opportunity to learn and develop the skills and tools to play the game? Yet, we do so routinely in the game of community governance.”

(Neil Sterritt, Gitxsan Leader, British Columbia, Canada)

What can we do? Footy and playing the governance game

Thinking about how footy is played is a good way to think about governance. For every footy team, there are a lot of different things that need to be pulled together on the day if the team wants to play its best and win the match. It’s the same for governance.

You can use this worksheet to think about your governance and the roles of your governance team.

What-can-we-do-Footy-playing-governace-game_FINAL.pdf

1.0.3 Why is it important?

“It is only when effective governance is in place that communities and regions will have a solid foundation for making sound decisions about their overall goals and objectives, what kind of life they want to try to build, what assets they have or require, what things they want to retain, protect or change, the kind of development they want to promote or reject, and what actions they need to take to achieve those goals.” (Professor Mick Dodson and Diane Smith, 2003. ‘Governance for sustainable development: Strategic issues and principles for Indigenous Australian communities’, CAEPR Discussion Paper No. 250)

The significance of effective governance for IUIH

The Institute for Urban Indigenous Health (IUIH) was a Finalist in Category A of the 2014 Indigenous Governance Awards and Joint Winner in Category A in 2018. CEO, Adrian Carson, highlights the wider significance of governance, identifying that good governance is fundamental to ‘achieving healthy outcomes’. This video was filmed in 2014 at the Indigenous Governance Awards.

“Unless you can sort your governance, unless you’ve got a very clear vision for what it is you need to do, and that you’ve got the ability to generate your own income so that your independence is an economic one, they are fundamental things to community control. So, we say good governance is fundamental to achieving healthy outcomes. So, if people don’t believe in their institutions, it effects their ability to believe in themselves, their community.”
– Adrian Carson, CEO of IUIH

Without governance, you won’t achieve the things that really matter to you as a group.

Governance helps ensure:

  • the welfare and human rights of citizens are protected
  • resources (money, people, natural, cultural) are managed
  • rules, policies and laws are created and enforced
  • essential programs and services are prioritised and delivered
  • goals are set and achieved
  • relationships with external parties are negotiated.

Having effective and legitimate governance benefits families, communities and nations. It is a powerful predictor of success in economic and community development and in maximising self-determination for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

For all these reasons, the importance of having a strong governance foundation is gaining ground. Rebuilding your governance is self-determination in action.

“…the deplorable economic and social circumstances in our communities will change for the better only when the Aboriginal communities can construct their own systems of governance and plan for their people’s long-term development.”

(Peter Yu, Indigenous Governance Conference, 2–5 April 2002, Canberra)

“If we are truly committed to the notion of self-determination, we cannot begin to pursue it without instruments of governance. If we do not have these structures, we cannot engage with government other than on an ad hoc, individual basis that leaves us vulnerable. We cannot engage in partnerships with business, we cannot benefit from the essential nature of our communal identity as Indigenous people. If we want to acquire native title and manage it for the benefit of our communities, this cannot be achieved without effective governance both during the process of acquisition and once the native title is acquired.

We can’t possibly hope to negotiate a treaty or any other form of meaningful national agreement if we don’t have governance structures that legitimise our side of the negotiation.”

(Jackie Huggins 2003, extract from speech, 10th Annual Cultural Heritage and Native Title Conference, Brisbane, 30 September 2003)

1.0.4 Who has governance?

All societies and groups have governance.

You can see it at work in extended families, the smallest communities and the largest nations and states.

You can see it in the activities of informal groups such as the local night patrol, native title claimant groups, volunteer groups, artists’ collectives and sporting teams.

It is present in organisations, schools, churches, health clinics and community stores, big businesses, banks, public service departments and mining companies.

Governments have their own forms of internal governance.

1.0.5 Power, authority and rules

Governance is about power and authority: who has it (who ‘calls the shots’, making the important decisions and rules) and how those people with power are held accountable within their group.

Sometimes, governing power and authority is in the hands of a small group of people. Sometimes it is widely shared across a network. Sometimes, power is in the hands of outsiders.

Who is calling the shots in your governance system?

Effective self-governance means not only having genuine decision-making power, but also being able to practically exercise that authority and take the responsibility for it (i.e. being accountable).

To exercise power effectively and legitimately, people need agreed rules and ways of enforcing them. Rules are the organising tools of governance. They tell us:

  • how to behave towards each other and what to expect when we don’t
  • how power is shared
  • who has the authority to make the important decisions
  • how decisions should be enforced
  • how the people who make decisions will be held accountable.

Governance rules can be the unwritten laws, traditions and ways of behaving that people live by. They can also be written down in documents such as constitutions, by-laws, policies, regulations, business and strategic plans, and company rules.

If your governing rules are poorly understood, easily sabotaged by selfish interests or erratically enforced, the legitimacy of your governing power and authority will be severely undermined.

1.0.6 Women and governance

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women have always had valued roles and responsibilities in the governance of their families, clans, communities and nations. They are traditional landowners and transmitters of systems of knowledge.

This continues to be the case today. Senior women are often the bedrock of community and family wellbeing, which is all part and parcel of governance. And they are active in many leadership and governance roles.

Today, the number of women in important governing roles in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander nations, communities and organisations is growing.

Those organisations that deal only with women’s issues or men’s issues have boards and leadership that consist of women or men only. For most other organisations, especially those representing the wider interests of communities and nations, it’s important to reflect their general membership and to have both men and women sharing leadership on the board, and among the staff and management of the organisation.

If you promote gender equity (fair representation of men and women) in decision-making and leadership roles, you will strengthen the governing capacity of both men and women, and draw on all the knowledge and experience in your group.

Encourage young women to become involved so that they bring their own strengths to governance and leadership.

What can we do? Encouraging women to be active members

You can use this resource to see what your organisation or community does to encourage women to participate in governance and then to think about what else you could do.

What-can-we-do-Encouraging-women-to-be-active-members_final.pdf
Waltja women in governance

Waltja Tjutangku Palyapayi Aboriginal Corporation was awarded First Place in Category A of the 2014 Indigenous Governance Awards. Waltja directors are all community women. Here Chairperson April Martin talks about Waltja’s governance processes and the strong women that are on their board.

How the Yiriman Project works with young women

The Yiriman Project was awarded First Place in the 2012 Indigenous Governance Awards. Yiriman Elder, Annie Milgin explains how the Project works with young people and how they involve young women.

1.1.1 What is ‘good’ governance?

Building governance is a journey in which the road ahead and the final destination can change over time. As people from different cultures have their own ways of judging what is ‘good’ governance or not, problems can arise when one society or group imposes their view of what is ‘good’ governance onto another.

Because of this, the Indigenous Community Governance Project suggests that instead of talking about ‘good’ governance, it’s more useful to talk about ‘effective’ and ‘legitimate’ governance.

Effective governance means having rules, structures and processes that are capable of achieving your objectives—it gets things done.

In order to do this, governance must also be legitimate.

Legitimate governance means your rules, structures and processes have to be seen as credible and worthy by your members, and must match their ideas about how authority should be organised and exercised—it gets things done ‘properly’.

There are some principles of effective governance that many experts argue should be considered when new governance arrangements are being created.

For example, the United Nations Development Program says that to have effective governance, it is necessary to have:

  • Legitimacy and voice—where all men and women have a say in decisions and about what is in the best interests of the community or group
  • Fairness—where all men and women have the opportunity to maintain and improve their wellbeing and have their human rights protected
  • Accountability—where decision-makers are accountable to their members, the public and stakeholders.
  • Direction—where leaders and members have a shared, long-term view of what their future society is going to be like
  • Performance—where the governance system delivers goods, services and outcomes that are planned for and meet the needs of the members.

The Indigenous Community Governance Research Project in Australia has identified several basic conditions which, in combination, help to produce effective Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander governance:

  • governing institutions (rules)
  • leadership
  • genuine decision-making power
  • practical capacity
  • cultural legitimacy
  • resources
  • accountability
  • participation.

Not surprisingly, to be effective and legitimate these governance solutions need to be tailored to suit the local environment.

For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, achieving effective and legitimate governance can be particularly challenging because it involves working across Indigenous and western ways of governing, and trying to negotiate the demands of both.

Murdi Paaki Regional Assembly and self-determination

Murdi Paaki Chair Sam Jeffries talks about self-determination and governance in Murdi Paaki Regional Assembly.

Check-up: Effective legitimate governance

In a well-governed nation, community, group or organisation, the people (members, board, staff and leaders) have an agreed way of doing things. You can use this check-up to see if you have the right stuff.

Check-up_good-governance_final.pdf

1.1.2 The important parts of governance

Governance is made up of many different, but equally important elements. These all need to work well together if your nation, group, community or organisations are going to be effective.

Culture is at the heart of every society’s governance arrangements and this is also true for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

For Indigenous governance to be effective it is not enough to simply cherry pick and import foreign governance structures and processes into communities, and expect those communities to function effectively within those arrangements.

To be meaningful to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, the component parts of governance must reflect important relationships, networks, values and ways of behaving.

The challenge is to craft arrangements that incorporate both the Indigenous requirement for cultural legitimacy, as well as meeting the governance requirements of the wider non-Indigenous society.

The important parts of governance
Your people
(who does it)
  • community
  • members
  • nation
  • families
  • leaders
  • managers
  • staff
Your processes
(how you do it)
  • rules
  • laws
  • powers
  • procedures
  • roles and reponsibilities
Your strategies
(what you do)
  • plans
  • goals
  • milestones
  • programs
  • functions
Your resources
(what you need)
  • infrastructure
  • technology
  • funding
  • capital (cultural, social, economic)
  • natural assests
Your culture
(the way you do things)
  • values
  • worldview
  • traditions
  • behaviour
Your wider environment
(outside influences)
  • networks
  • other groups
  • other communities, government
  • organisations
  • institutions

These all need to work well together if a group or organisation are going to be effective.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have always had their own governance. It is an ancient jurisdiction made up of a system of cultural geographies (‘country’), culture-based laws, traditions, rules, values, processes and structures that has been effective for tens of thousands of years, and which nations, clans and families continue to adapt and use to collectively organise themselves to achieve the things that are important to them.

As Mick Gooda, the Indigenous Social Justice Commissioner (Social Justice report 2012, p.90) said:

“While Indigenous peoples have governed ourselves since time immemorial in accordance with our traditional laws and customs, when we speak of Indigenous governance we are not referring to the pre-colonial state. Rather, we are referring to contemporary Indigenous governance: the more recent melding of our traditional governance with the requirement to effectively respond to the wider governance environment.”

In many parts of Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander governance systems were disrupted and changed because of British colonisation. Often people were forcibly relocated to settlements that were run according to western governance structures, rules and values.

Today, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have many forms of governance based on their diverse histories, environments and cultures.

Indigenous governance is not the same thing as organisational governance. While governance is a critical part of the operation and effectiveness of legally formalised and registered incorporated organisations, it can also be seen at work every day:

  • in the way people own and care for their country, arrange a ceremony, manage and share their resources, and pass on their knowledge
  • in networks of extended families who have a form of internal governance
  • in the way people arrange a community football match or an art festival, informally coordinate the activities of a night patrol and develop alliances across regions
  • in the voluntary work of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men and women within their own communities, and as governing members on a multitude of informal local committees and advisory groups.

What makes it Indigenous governance is the role that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and philosophical systems, cultural values, traditions, rules and beliefs play in the governance of:

  • processes—how things are done
  • structures—the ways people organise themselves and relate to each other
  • institutions—the rules for how things should be done.

In other words, just like all other societies around the world, the practice of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander governance cannot be separated from its traditions and culture.

Today, many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are working to rebuild and strengthen their contemporary governance arrangements. The challenge in doing this is to ensure that governance solutions continue to reflect cultural norms, values and traditions, while remaining practically effective.

Developing a shared vision within your nation or group about your approach to these issues will be critical right from the beginning. You will find more information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures of governance in Topic 2.

What community-controlled governance means at IUIH

The Institute for Urban Indigenous Health (IUIH) was a Finalist in Category A of the 2014 Indigenous Governance Awards and Joint Winner in Category A in 2018. Adrian Carson, CEO, and Jody Currie, former Director of Operations and Communications, describe the ‘vibe’ of community-controlled governance at IUIH. This video was filmed in 2014 at the Indigenous Governance Awards.

“It’s a feeling – and that’s okay because what we talk about in terms of community control is it’s hard to measure. So, we can talk about governance, and tick boxes and it is often compliance stuff, or it might be strategic planning and other really important business processes but for us, that’s more on the western side of governance. Then, for community-controlled governance, it is about feelings and about how people feel when they walk into a clinic, or walk into a program, or when they attend a school program like deadly choices and how those kids feel when they graduate. Those things, that feeling, is something we want to be able to measure and it is okay that we can’t measure it because the concept of measurement is kind of like a western construct anyway. So, we say that’s community control.”
– Adrian Carson, CEO of IUIH

Snapshot: Similarities and differences between community and corporate governance

Indigenous community governance happens outside as well as inside corporations and organisations. This table summarises some of the important similarities and differences between their governance.

Snapshot-Differences-similarities-bet-comm-corp-governance_FINAL.pdf

1.2.1 What are Indigenous communities?

What an Indigenous community shares
What an Indigenous community shares
What an Indigenous community shares
footer

A community might share many features.

“The concept of a ‘community’ is complex. Who and what makes a community and what it does, generally depend upon those who live in it and, most importantly, its history. The Walgett Shire communities of north-west New South Wales are remarkable on both accounts. They have a unique multicultural history which is rarely understood by people living outside of regional Australia and who often believe that multiculturalism only exists in urban Australia. United by a common bond of attachment they feel towards each other and towards their community. They express their sense of belonging in many different ways.”

(Frances Peters-Little, presentation to ‘History Through a Lens, Unsettling Histories: Visual Modes of Historical Practice’ forum, 30 June–1 July 2005, Canberra)

Definition: A community is a network of people and organisations linked together by webs of personal relationships, cultural identities, political connections, traditions and rules, shared histories, social and economic conditions and/or common understandings and interests.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities are extremely diverse in their cultures, histories, locations, size and local conditions. They are also subject to different national, state and territory government laws.

These different kinds of communities can include:

  • discrete geographic communities—such as remote settlements, towns, outstations, pastoral stations—there are over 1,300 located in urban, rural and remote locations in Australia. The residents of these places may be a mix of different families, clans, language and ceremonial groups, or they may come from the same cultural group (e.g. an outstation community or island).
  • dispersed communities of identity—sometimes the members of nations, clans or tribes are spread across several different locations in a region. But they share a cultural identity and so consider themselves to be a single community of identity.
  • a community of interest—people who do not necessarily share a common cultural identity, but who come together voluntarily because they have the same goals or interests (such as a sporting or artistic community, a political lobby group or alliance) can be said to form a community of interest.

This means that often there are different Indigenous ‘communities’ living within a single place. But everywhere, the shared characteristic of all these different kinds of Aboriginal and Torres Strait communities is their extensive networks and overlapping relationships, strong extended family ties, multiple ties to ‘country’ and valued cultural identities.

1.2.2 Diverse communities, diverse community governance

The diversity of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities has given rise to diverse governance arrangements. For example:

  • families and clans within a single settlement may each have their own traditional leaders and governance networks
  • some groups may be traditional landowners with related governance rights to the land on which a settlement has been established; others are not
  • some groups that have been historically resettled together may be opposed to each other
  • some local leaders may represent a whole geographic community, or several linked communities of identity
  • some ‘community’ organisations may look after the rights and interests of all the residents; others may focus on a particular group in a community or region.
Your governance culture and environment
Your governance culture and environment
Your governance culture and environment
footer

This diagram shows the layers of your governance environment.

So the governance of communities is characterised by complex layers of social relationships, extended families, networks of leaders (male and female), organisational relationships and political networks.

Given this historical and cultural complexity, it is not surprising that conflict or confusion often arises about who has the authority to make particular decisions, and who has the right to represent or ‘talk for’ a particular group of people.

As your community changes over time, your governance arrangements may also need to adapt and change. A one-size-fits-all approach will not work.

Communities operate within a wider ‘governance environment’ of surrounding communities, nations, agencies, organisations, businesses, governments, networks, laws, leaders, politicians and resources. To govern effectively you need to know this wider environment and understand how you can strategically operate within it.

Today, many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander groups are working to rebuild their governance and are crafting innovative solutions to address their varied community conditions and cultural traditions.

How MG Corporation’s governance works

In this video Helen Gerrard, MG Director (2012) explains the governance structure of the MG Corporation. She talks about how it has changed over time and represents different groups through the Dawang Council. Filmed in 2012, at the Indigenous Governance Awards.

Snapshot: Different models of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander governance

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander models of nation, community and regional governance are often based on sophisticated networks. These can be made up of interconnected layers of extended families, clans and leaders, and their land-ownership rights and interests.

These cultural networks form the foundations for a wide variety of different governing structures, depending on what suits the particular nation, community or group. Sometimes these structures are legally incorporated; sometimes they remain informal and flexible.

Different-Models-of-Indigenous-Governance_final.pdf

1.2.3 Building on community strengths

The Marruk Project on community governance

The Marruk Project was awarded First Place in Category B of the 2014 Indigenous Governance Awards. Here Project Manager Angela Frost describes Marruk’s governance structure and the sense of community ownership.

What can we do? Strengthening community governance

This resource outlines some important questions to think about before you go about strengthening your community governance.

What-can-we-do-Strengthening-Community-Governance_final.pdf

To get governance right for your group, make sure you consult and inform the right people in a community, and that the right people make the decisions about particular issues. Different, and often competing, interests in a community need to be recognised and managed.

It pays to look back at your community and its governance history to better understand how you got to where you are now.

It also pays to look at the things you value about your governance in the past, and what you want to keep, protect and strengthen.

Too often external governments and stakeholders focus on a ‘deficit’ view of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities and governance.

It’s important to understand the governance challenges and gaps in your community; however, focusing entirely on problems only conveys negative images, and residents can come to depend on ‘outside’ help to ‘fix’ their problems.

A ‘community development’ approach to rebuilding governance starts with what is present in the community, not what is problematic or absent. It’s a positive, strengths-based strategy.

To get started on this approach, identify your nation or community’s assets and strengths.

Tips: Identiying your community assets and strengths?

When you are looking to identify your nation, community or organisation’s assets and strengthes, it can help to think about:

Individuals Men, women, elders, youth, leaders—their talents, strengths, experience and skills
Informal associations Ceremonial networks, extended families, artists’ collectives, land-care groups, special interest groups, widows’ camps and committees
Informal associations for youth School groups, youth groups and sporting clubs
Organisations Schools, local businesses, churches, health facilities, libraries, childcare and women’s centres, councils and training centres
Physical resources Land, bodies of water, parks, buildings, historical landmarks, transport and infrastructure
Cultural resources People’s knowledge and experience, country, cultural sites and stories, bush skills, language and kinships, laws and customs
Program resources Program funding and services

Where do your strengths lie amongst this list?

‘Mapping’ or drawing the assets of your community is one of the first steps towards harnessing the strengths and support of people and organisations, so that work can begin on rebuilding or changing your particular community’s governance arrangements.

What can we do? Mapping community assets for governance

You can use this resource to map out the strengths in your community which you can use to build your governance.

What-can-we-do-Mapping-community-assets-for-governance_final.pdf

Governing well needs the support of your whole community to work properly. Once you do your mapping, you’ll be better able to keep all your community members involved and informed, and create shared solutions that they support.

1.3.1 What is an organisation and ‘organisational governance’?

Definition: An organisation is a group of individuals who come together to pursue agreed objectives that would otherwise be unattainable, or would only be attainable with significantly reduced efficiency and effectiveness. In order to achieve their objectives, groups take on enduring roles, functions, procedures and structures that give structure and function to organisations. Sometimes this involves becoming legally incorporated, but organisations may also be more informal.

Definition: Organisational governance is the exercise of authority, direction and control to accomplish the functions and responsibilities of an organisation, and secure its strategic objectives. The governance of an organisation rests under the direction of the group of people who are recognised and elected or selected by their nation or community as being the group of people with the right, responsibility and ability to govern on their behalf.

An Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander organisation may be legally incorporated under Australian legislation; and many of these now operate in communities across Australia.

But importantly, an Indigenous organisation may also be a more informal group of people who unite to get specific things done together, and who deliberately choose not to go down the road of legal incorporation—such as an assembly, alliance or volunteer organisation.

Today, there are a multitude of informal governing organisations operating in every community. These include committees, working groups, reference groups, task forces and advisory groups. The great majority of these are not legally incorporated. But many community residents work, often in a voluntary governance capacity, with these informal organisations.

Some of these informal organisations have been initiated by government departments and agencies to facilitate the local delivery of their policies and programs. But Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have also formed organisations—both informal and incorporated—for their own social, cultural and political purposes.

In informal organisations, people decide for themselves what kind of governing structure, positions and processes they want to have. Legal incorporation requires particular governance conditions be met.

The Marruk Project on the advantages of non-incorporation

The Marruk Project was awarded First Place in Category B of the 2014 Indigenous Governance Awards. Here Project Manager Angela Frost explains the benefits of being a non-incorporated entity – the project can operate fluidly and remain true to its core values.

Martumili Artists on how their un-incorporated organisation works

Martumili Artists manager Gabrielle Sullivan and staff member Kathleen Sorensen talk about how the organisation’s steering committee works and their decision to remain an unincorporated body whose financial management is largely run by the Shire of East Pilbara.

1.3.2 Incorporated Indigenous organisations

Today, there are many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander organisations legally incorporated under Australian, state and territory legislation. To outsiders, these Indigenous organisations are often the most visible expression of governance in communities.

At 30 June 2011, 2286 incorporated organisations were registered under the Corporations (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) Act 2006 (CATSI Act). The Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations (ORIC) estimates that there are at least as many registered under other legislation.

In other words, there are about 5,000 incorporated Indigenous organisations in Australia, which roughly works out to one organisation for every 100 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. (In the 2011 census there were estimated to be about 548,370 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia.)

Indigenous incorporated organisations have an average of six people on their governing boards, which means that about 30,000 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are directors or governing board members of Indigenous organisations in Australia.

Most groups incorporated under the CATSI Act are located in remote areas and are publicly funded.

Some organisations generate substantial private income through their own enterprises and resource agreements, such as those linked to mining, compensation and some linked to the arts industry. Many hold significant community assets.

Example: Location of ORIC registered corporations by region at 30 June 2012

ICC_june30-2012_d

Source: ORIC

1.3.3 Incorporation laws for organisations

Many government agencies and private sector companies require groups to become incorporated before they can receive money for programs, services or agreement monies.

If you are going to do this then there are different options available to you and some real governance challenges to deal with. Indigenous organisations can be incorporated under different national, state and territory legislation, each with their own legal requirements and conditions.

Nations, communities and the elected or selected members of governing boards should all understand these laws and the rules under which their organisation is incorporated. These laws limit the powers of an organisation in particular ways and require governing members to carry out specific responsibilities for which they are legally responsible.

ORIC has an electronic rule book on its website that organisations can use to help them develop rules, codes and policies that suit them culturally, but also comply with Australian incorporation laws. There are almost as many different kinds of governing arrangements in organisations as there are incorporated organisations. However, there are some fundamentals that can be seen in all.

Who is in an incorporated organisation?
Members The people who decide to set up an organisation for a specific purpose.
Directors or governing body members Usually elected by the members of the corporation.
Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Usually appointed by the directors or governing body.
Other managers and staff Usually appointed by the CEO and/or directors.

An incorporated organisation is likely to have the constituents shown above.

ORIC’s Rule Book

The rule book governs how a corporation should be run. For example, how to elect directors and hold valid meetings. Having a rule book that is carefully followed and works well for a corporation is essential to maintaining good governance.

www.oric.gov.au
Comparative table of incorporation legislation (ORIC)

This document provides general information about incorporation statutes in Australia. It is not intended to be legal advice. While best efforts have been made to ensure the information in this document is accurate, the registrar makes no guarantee that the information contained in this document is correct.

Resource-1.7-SnapshotComparative-table-of-incorporation-legislation-_ORIC_.pdf
Snapshot: Legislation websites

You can also learn more about becoming a incorporation or cooperative under different laws by visiting these websites.

Snapshot-legistlation-websites-FINAL.pdf

1.3.4 Indigenous organisations often play a big role

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander organisations often have to perform broader community governance roles without the proper funding or staffing to do so.

Many of the constitutions of Indigenous organisations are also based upon standardised incorporation templates that are often not well suited for their particular local, social or cultural circumstances and priorities.

Cost-shifting practices by governments, combined with the history of under-developed infrastructure in communities have placed heavy workloads and increased community expectations on organisations.

Because organisations often service or represent several different ‘communities of identity’ with varying legal rights and interests, their leaders and managers are constantly trying to balance competing sets of demands, obligations and responsibilities.

It can be extremely hard for organisations to keep a focus on their core functions and to put the time and work into developing stronger governance when there are significant daily demands from their members and from governments.

Simply put, most Indigenous organisations are trying to do too much, with too little.

But importantly, those organisations that are working to improve their governance have found they have greater control over their own affairs and can plan their future better.

1.3.5 Control and ownership

“The governance structure [of Yarnteen organisation] was seen as an important strategy to achieve the long-term objectives and economic self-sufficiency of the organisation. Our number one priority was to have a governance structure that was sensitive to and compatible with the culturally diversity and interests of our community, but importantly that offered stability and contributed to good governance rather than undermining it.”

(Leah Armstrong, presentation on ‘Financial management and business systems’, Building Effective Indigenous Governance Conference, 4–7 November 2003, Jabiru)

To gain greater ownership and control over their daily work and long-term directions, many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander organisations are looking at what they do and how they are doing it. They are:

  • reviewing their membership
  • reviewing their community and stakeholder expectations
  • reviewing their leadership and decision-making processes
  • reviewing their governance structures, policies, rules and procedures
  • developing long-term strategies and plans for rebuilding their governance.

When you redesign or rebuild your organisational governance it is important that the ideas and solutions come from the members, leaders and staff of the organisation itself.

You will find more detailed information about these issues in Topic 5.

Tips: The top 15 tips for a healthy corporation

Looking after the corporation

1. Ensure your board has the right people on it.

To add value to your board, make sure:

  • board members have the right skills
  • board members are committed to their responsibilities
  • the board is the right size for the corporation.

2. Keep an up-to-date register of members.

Make sure the register has the following information for each current and former member:

  • their name and current address
  • the date they became a member
  • the date they stopped being a member.

An up-to-date register will help to resolve any disputes about who is a member.

3. Know your rules and your constitution.

  • Know and understand your organisation’s rules and its constitution.
  • Encourage your members to learn about them.
  • Propose changing the rules and constitution if they don’t work for your corporation.

4. Promote responsible decision making.

Ensure that the people who make the decisions have the best interests of the corporation, community and the corporation’s members at heart.

5. Manage risk.

Have plans and controls in place for recognising and managing risk. Risks can be in relation to:

  • finances
  • management and staff members
  • members
  • the environment (such as community, buildings or location).

Looking after the people

6. Know your role and your duties.

Make sure the board members fully understand their role and duties.

  • As a whole, the board oversees the goals and direction of the corporation, while the manager is responsible for day-to-day management
  • Board members’ duties include:
    • acting with loyalty, good faith, care and diligence
    • not trading while insolvent
    • managing conflicts of interest
    • respecting and upholding the rights of members.  

7. Review staff performance

Be fair in your reviews and encourage good performance.

8. Pay people fairly

  •  Pay people fairly and responsibly.
  • Make sure that their pay is sufficient, reasonable and aligned with their individual performance.
  • Make sure staff members know exactly what is expected of them.

Looking after the money

9. Know your finances.

Make sure you know your corporation’s financial status. If you are worried, ask your auditor to check every three months that your staff members are managing the money properly (a good auditor will do this for the board).

10. Pay your taxes.

  • Make sure taxes are handled correctly, especially Goods and Services Tax (GST), Pay As You Go (PAYG) and Fringe Benefits Tax (FBT).
  • Make sure all your staff superannuation guarantee contributions are paid.
  • For more information, visit the Australian Taxation Office website at www.ato.gov.au. You can also call 13 28 66 for business tax enquiries, or 13 10 20 for superannuation enquiries.

11. Insure your corporation’s property.

  • Make sure the corporation’s property—such as cars, buildings and equipment—is insured.
  • Check that insurance policies are renewed on or before the due date.

12. Be careful how you use the corporation’s assets.

Ensure that the corporation’s assets and income are used in the way the funding agency has set out. Better still, make a policy about this for everyone to see and use. Make sure you report openly to your members and to the funding agency about how the money is spent.

Looking after meetings

13. Keep minutes of all meetings.

  • Make sure you keep minutes of every meeting of the corporation.
  • Minutes should say:
    • what type of meeting you had (for example, annual general meeting (AGM), special general meeting or board meeting)
    • the day the meeting was held
    • who came
    • what decisions were made.

14. Hold an AGM.

Make sure you have an AGM every year (usually before 30 November).

15. Attend meetings with the funding agency.

Build a good relationship with the funding agency. Make sure someone from the board is at every meeting when the funding agency comes to visit.

What can we do? Organisational governance

You can use this resource to review your organisational governance and see some examples of what others have done.

What-can-we-do-Organisational-Governance_final.pdf

Example: The Governance Truck

Participants at Reconciliation Australia’s Sharing Success-Indigenous governance workshop in Port Hedland (WA, 26–27 June 2007) likened their community governance to their faithful old community truck. It’s not an unrealistic fantasy. Its been designed to do the job they need it to do in the local conditions.

Here’s how they saw it:

  • It’s a manual Holden ute—nothing flash—but it can be push-started if it breaks down. It’s got a jerry-can in case it runs out of fuel and there’s a good set of spanners, wrenches and a spare tire if it breakdowns on a trip. It’s registered and has all its papers, and you need a license to drive it.
  • It’s got large bench seats—not bucket seats for individual people who think they can just drive by themselves—everybody can fit in. But not backseat drivers because there can be only one driver in the driving seat!
  • It’s got clean transparent windows to let everyone see the road and scenery properly and to let other cars see them, and the headlights are the vision lighting up the path.
  • It gets routine maintenance to keep the engine and other parts in good nick, and occasionally has to go in for a big service.
  • This car is economical—it has to be what with the price that you pay for petrol these days. It’s a reliable old model with new parts and has solid power steering.
  • Yes it’s got dents—it’s been through some tough country but it can still move safely. It goes across country and has good traction on both the road and gravel. It’s a friendly vehicle, all-weather, comes with a bit of rust, but it carries any load. And it’s even got karaoke so everyone can have a bit of fun along the way!
  • Everyone in the family has an equal share in the ute. They all chuck in for petrol and repairs because they all get some use out of it—just like we all have shares in our governance. And it’s got a towbar, so if anyone wants to attach to our governance truck they can be pulled along—or if the governance truck goes off the road and turns over, it can be towed back onto firm ground!

Example: The Yiriman Project
2012 Indigenous Governance Awards – Winner of outstanding example of Indigenous Governance in a non-incorporated initiative or project 

The Yiriman Project was conceived and developed by the elders of four Kimberly language groups; Nyikina, Mangala, Karajarri and Walmajarri. The elders were concerned about their young people and issues of self-harm and substance abuse and saw the need for a place where youth could separate themselves from negative influences, and reconnect with their culture in a remote and culturally significant place.

Yiriman has two aspects to its governance and management processes. The management processes are undertaken by the Kimberley Aboriginal Law and Culture Centre (KALACC). KALACC auspices the Yiriman project and attend to issues of financial management, staff employment, reporting and acquittals however Yiriman retains its own project governance structure which is independent from that of KALACC.

Yiriman’s governance works because there is and always has been a very clear sense of who established the project, why they established the project and what they want the project to achieve.

Yiriman is a cultural program which operates on a cultural governance model. Indeed, one of the main purposes of the overall governance structure is to coordinate the allocation of resources to each of the language groups and to coordinate the timing and annual calendar for the project i.e. which groups will undertake which activities, where and when.

Throughout these processes, cultural bosses make the decisions about the projects, unlike a Board of Directors who requires the approval of members; their decisions are based purely on community and cultural knowledge and discussions between elders and cultural bosses. It also means that the elders and cultural bosses can focus on helping their young people, without worrying about the logistics of the project.

WALPIRI YOUTH DEVELOPMENT ABORIGINAL CORPORATION

Culturally appropriate governance

The ‘Mt Theo Program’ was established as a grass roots community outstation rehabilitation program in 1993. In early 2000, the ‘Mt Theo / Yuendumu Substance Misuse Aboriginal Corporation’ was incorporated. In late 2008, the incorporated name was officially changed with ORIC to ‘Warlpiri Youth Development Aboriginal Corporation’ (WYDAC) to reflect their current role in delivering youth services within the wider Warlpiri region.

Some of WYDAC’S achievements over the past 5 years include:

  • The elimination of petrol sniffing in the community
  • Increased employment opportunities leading to more Warlpiri with regular salaries – 52% of WYDAC employees are Indigenous.
  • The achievement of certification against the ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management Systems standard in 2010.
  • The Order of Australia Medal awarded to Peggy Brown and Johnny Miller, program founders, and Andrew Stojanovski, first program manager.
  • New facilities in Yuendumu, including the Youth Centre in 2010, the Community Pool in 2009 and new program office in 2008.
  • Expanding programs into the Willowra, Nyirrpi and Lajamanu communities, including major infrastructure.

Keeping the lines of communication open- “talk story”

At WYDAC the lines of communication are always open.  Everyone in the organisation knows that the key to effective governance lies in the close working relationships between the people on the ground delivering services and the members of the Board.

One of the ways WYDAC ensures that close working relationships are established is by encouraging  the Chairpersons and other Directors to come into the organisation regularly to ‘talk story’.  Some of the things that might be discussed are the progress, strengths or weaknesses of different programs, issues in the community, and ideas about the future direction of WYDAC.

This process means that the Board are closely connected and involved in the daily workings of the organisation in an informal capacity. It also means that the Board are not making decisions about services and programs from the boardroom table without first getting into the organisation and having a yarn with the people who are delivering the services or managing the programs on a daily basis.

Developing culturally appropriate governance

WYDAC has always been an organisation that does things its own way; rather than relying on a traditional board structure which comprises of only having one chairperson, WYDAC has decided to have two Chairs.

“WYDAC has two Chairs – one male and one female. This is an appropriate board structure in the Warlpiri cultural context. Each chairperson will take it in turns or decide between themselves as to who shall chair Board meetings. If neither person is available nor wishes to chair the meeting; the deputy chair shall chair the meeting. If the deputy chair does not wish to chair the meeting the members can select a chair for that particular meeting. The CEO co-chairs the meetings”

The WYDAC Executive Board is made up of members who are fluent in both Warlpiri and English, and often have strong English literacy skills. As such, they act as interpreters for other members who may have less understanding of written English, governance, or policy and procedures.

Both the Warlpiri and non-Warlpiri staff of WYDAC work closely with each other and the Board in a bilingual and cross-cultural environment; WYDAC is about Warlpiri and non-Warlpiri working together in all aspects of the consultation, development and delivery of appropriate programs for young people and the wider community.

AIGI acknowledges the Traditional Owners of the land, and pays respect to Elders past, present and emerging.

AIGI
Unit 8/107 Miles Platting Road
Eight Mile Plains
QLD, 4113
aigi@aigi.com.au @AIGInstitute @AIGInstitute @AIGInstitute
DONATE
© Copyright 2023 Australian Indigenous Governance Institute. All Rights Reserved.
Privacy/